Which of the following can horses recognize?

Horses possess a remarkable ability to recognize a variety of stimuli in their environment, particularly those related to social interactions. They can identify individual horses, which plays a crucial role in their social structure and dynamics within a herd. This recognition helps them maintain social bonds and navigate their relationships with other equines.

Furthermore, horses are capable of recognizing individual humans. Research indicates that horses are able to remember specific people based on visual and olfactory cues, which contributes to their ability to build trust and establish relationships with caregivers and trainers.

In addition to identifying other horses and humans, horses are also attuned to emotional expressions. They can interpret the body language and facial expressions of other horses, which helps them respond appropriately in social situations. This skill is integral to their survival in the wild, as understanding the emotional state of others can inform their own behavior in potentially threatening circumstances.

Thus, the assertion that horses can recognize other individual horses, individual humans, and emotional expressions of other horses encompasses the full scope of their recognition abilities, leading to the conclusion that they can indeed recognize all of the above.